Fundamentals of molecular biotechnology such as structure and function of cellular macromolecules (sugars, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) and structure and function of organelles within a cell; standard methods in molecular biotechnology; for example, isolation and electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, hybridization of nucleic acids, the use of enzymes in the modification of nucleic acids, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning procedures, expression of recombinant proteins, isolation and purification of proteins; applications of molecular biotechnology in medical diagnostics, plant biotechnology and biocatalysis