Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids as genetic material, important techniques in genetic engineering such as gene cloning, construction of DNA probe, DNA or gene amplification, identification and preparation of an interest gene which is desired to be cloned, polymerase chain reaction, preparation of cloning vector, host cell preparation, gene transfer methods, screening techniques for desired clone, DNA sequencing and application of radioactive materials and enzymes labeled for detection and analysis processes, safety regulations for using genetically modified organisms in biotechnology